Desturi Zetu Zilivyosaidia Malezi Bora ya Watoto

PICHA: Huffington Post


WAAFRIKA tumekuwa na utaratibu mzuri wa kuwalea watoto wetu. Mila na desturi za jamii nyingi za ki-Afrika zimeyapa malezi ya watoto uzito unaostahili. Malezi yalichukuliwa kama fursa nyeti waliyonayo wanajamii kurithisha utambulisho wa kabila husika kwa kizazi kinachofuata.

Wazazi walitambua kuwa jamii isiyo na utambulisho unaeleweka haiwezi kudai inajitambua. Wazee wetu walihakikisha kuwa tunu za kabila hazipotei. Hawakuwa na elimu kubwa ya darasani lakini walitambua nafasi muhimu ya malezi katika jamii. Walitumia muda wa kutosha kuwekeza kwenye makuzi ya watoto.

Katika makala haya, tunazisaili baadhi ya desturi kwa kuzioanisha na tafiti mbalimbali zilizofanywa kuthibitisha kuwa malezi yetu wa-Afrika yalilenga kukuza binadamu timamu anayejitambua.

Matunzo ya mama na kichanga


Katika jamii karibu zote za ki-Afrika, kipindi cha uzazi kilipewa uzito mkubwa. Mama aliyejifungua hakuruhusiwa kutoka nyumbani kwa muda fulani. Uzazi ulikuwa kipindi cha mapumziko ya kweli kweli. Katika kipindi chote hicho, mama alipewa huduma maalum za kurejesha afya yake. Familia tandaa iliandaa vyakula maalum kwa heshima ya mama. Mtoto naye, mbali ya kuhudumiwa kwa mujibu wa mila na desturi, alinyonya vya kutosha. 

Watafiti wanatuambia kuwa siku za mwanzo tangu kuzaliwa kwa mtoto zina umuhimu mkubwa kwa makuzi ya mtoto. Hiki ndicho kipindi ambacho mtoto mchanga anajenga ukaribu na mama yake. Ukaribu huu, kwa mujibu wa wataalam kama Mary Ainsworth, ndio msingi wa kujiamini kwa mtoto kunakomfanya ajiamini na kuwaamini wengine.

Kumbeba mtoto

Jamii zetu zilithamini mno kitendo cha mtoto mchanga kubebwa na watu wanaoaminika. Tangu mtoto anazaliwa, haikuwa ajabu kuona akishinda mikononi mwa watu wazima. Mtoto alikuwa furaha ya jamii nzima. Haikuwa jambo linalokubalika kuona mtoto analala kitandani katika hali ya upweke. Baada ya kitovu cha mtoto ‘kudondoka’ mtoto alihamia mgongoni. Ndugu na jamaa wa karibu walipokezana wajibu wa kumbeba mtoto mgongoni.

Utamaduni huu wa kuwabeba watoto mgongoni haueleweki katika jamii za ki-Magharibi. Katika macho yao ni afadhali kumwacha mtoto ashinde kwenye toroli kuliko ‘kunyanyasika’ kwa kubebwa mgongoni.

Hata hivyo, Robert Levine, mtaalam wa makuzi ya mtoto, alifanya utafiti wa kina nchini Kenya. Matokeo ya utafiti wake yalikuwa somo kwa jamii ya ki-Magharibi. Desturi ya kumbeba mtoto inasaidia kujenga ukaribu kati ya mama na mtoto. Tofauti na jamii za ki-Magharibi zinazomtenga mtoto na watu wazima, mtoto wa ki-Afrika alikua karibu kabisa na watu wazima. Mbali na kubebwa mgongoni, mtoto huyu alilala kitanda kimoja na wazazi wake kwa kipindi kirefu. Hakutengwa.

Ukaribu wa namna hii, kwa hakika, ulimsaidia mtoto kuwa na nafsi iliyotulia. Mtoto hakuwa na sababu ya kuhangaika kujua waliko wazazi wake.  Hata katika mazingira ambayo wazazi hawakuwepo nyumbani, mtoto alibaki na watu anaowafahamu vizuri. Uangalizi wa namna hii ulisaidia kujenga hisia nzuri za mtoto.

Muda wa pamoja

Pamoja na wazazi kuwa na shughuli nyingi nyakati za mchana, mtoto wa ki-Afrika alikuwa na uhakika wa kupata muda wa kutosha na wazazi wake nyakati za jioni. Katika jamii zetu, ilikuwa ni lazima kwa kila mwanafamilia kurudi kwenye boma mapema. Chakula kiliandaliwa mapema na wanafamilia walishiriki chakula kwa pamoja.

Katika jamii nyingine, chakula kililiwa kwa kuzingatia jinsia. Baba alipata chakula akishirikiana na vijana wake wa kiume. Mama naye, kwa upande wake, alipata chakula akiwa na watoto wake wa kike. Lengo, hata hivyo, lilikuwa jema. Wazazi waliwatenga watoto ili kuwafundisha majukumu yao kijinsia. Wakati wa kula, kama zilivyokuwa nyakati nyingine, ulitumika kufanya mazungumzo.

Kwa hakika ukaribu na wazazi ni hitaji la msingi kwa watoto. Mtoto kwa asili yake anajisikia salama anapokuwa na nafasi ya kuwa karibu na mzazi wake. Ukaribu wa namna hii umethibitika kupunguza uwezekano wa migogoro kati ya mzazi na mwanae katika kipindi cha balehe. Jay Belsky, kwa mfano, aligundua kuwa mtoto aliyezoea kuwa karibu na mzazi wake anakuwa msikivu kuliko mwenzake aliyekulia mbali na mzazi wake.

Hadithi na vitendawili

Mbali na kuwa karibu na wazazi, mtoto wa ki-Afrika alitegemea familia tandaa kujifunza maarifa mbalimbali katika mazingira ya nyumbani. Mzazi alikuwa mwalimu wa kwanza wa mtoto katika maana yake halisi. Katika mazingira ya vijijini, kwa mfano, watoto walikusanyika kuota moto nyakati za jioni wakisikiliza hadithi zilizojaa mafundisho mazito kutoka kwa wazee wa boma. Hadithi hizi zilimsaidia mtoto kujifunza mambo ya msingi kuhusu utu, miiko, maadili, imani na majukumu muhimu ya kiraia kwa mujibu wa mila na desturi za jamii husika.

Mbali na hadithi zilizofikirisha, makabila yalikuwa na misemo, vitendawili na methali ambazo kila mwanajamii aliwajibika kujifunza. Watafiti wengi wa makuzi na malezi ya watoto, akiwemo Profesa Akunda Mbise wa hapa nchini wanatuambia vitendawili na hadithi kama hizi zilisaidia kukuza uwezo wa kiakili na uelewa wa jumla kwa watoto.

Kadhalika, masimulizi kama haya yaliyofanyika katika lugha zinazoeleweka yalisaidia kuwafanya watoto wajitambue. Mtoto aliyekulia katika mazingira haya, alijielewa mapema kujua matarajio ya familia yake na jamii inayomzunguka kwa ujumla.

Michezo ya watoto

Jamii zetu zilitambua nafasi muhimu ya michezo kwa watoto. Watoto hawakubanwa wasicheze kwa sababu jamii ilielewa kuwa michezo ni shughuli yenye umuhimu wake kwa ukuaji mzuri wa mtoto. Watoto waliachwa wachague aina ya michezo wanayoona inawafaa bila kuingiliwa na wazazi. Hii ilisaidia kujenga uwezo wa watoto kufanya maamuzi, kujadiliana na kujifunza kwa pamoja.

Katika kucheza, watoto walitumia vifaa na vyenzo zinazopatikana katika mazingira yao. Kwa mfano, udongo wa mfinyanzi na maji vilitumika kufinyanga midoli na vinyago. Kufanya hivyo kulikuza ubunifu wa watoto.


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